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Melanoma is a highly aggressive malignancy with an extremely low clinical cure rate, imposing a severe burden on the global public health system. Its worldwide incidence has increased year by year in recent years. In-depth analysis of the complex molecular features, pathogenic mechanisms and cell-cell interaction networks underlying melanoma initiation and progression has become a key and challenging research priority. Conventional animal models cannot accurately recapitulate the authentic biological properties of human melanoma. Interspecies differences in immune responses and the emergence of non-specific tumor phenotypes greatly reduce the precision and reproducibility of preclinical experiments. Meanwhile, such models are accompanied by uncontrollable tumor evolution, unstable metastatic phenotypes and poor consistency of experimental outcomes. Furthermore, relevant experiments are strictly restricted by animal ethics and welfare regulations, leading to evident application limitations. In contrast, organoid models feature manageable costs and are capable of faithfully reconstructing the tissue architecture and pathological characteristics of human tumors, which have established them as a core technical platform for tumor mechanistic research. The organoid-based research system enables precise analysis of the biological behaviors, drug response patterns and disease progression mechanisms of melanoma, effectively overcoming numerous drawbacks of traditional animal experiments. The application of organoid models in preclinical studies not only promotes a more systematic understanding of melanoma pathogenesis, but also provides solid support for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of clinical intervention strategies, thereby greatly improving the clinical translational efficiency and practical value of basic tumor research.