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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily secreted by activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. By binding to TNF receptors on the surface of target cells, it activates downstream signaling pathways (such as NF-κB and MAPK), thereby exerting a variety of biological effects. TNF not only directly induces apoptosis of tumor cells but also broadly regulates the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, making it a central regulator of the body's inflammatory and immune responses.