Neurodegeneration

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Neurodegeneration

From Proteinopathy to Neuronal Dysfunction — Decoding the Molecular Mechanisms Driving Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neurodegenerative diseases arise from interconnected disturbances in protein homeostasis, mitochondrial function, neuroimmune regulation, synaptic integrity, and cellular stress responses, ultimately contributing to neuronal dysfunction and progressive neuronal loss.

Neurogenesis during fetal brain development, cortical neuronal subtypes, and associated neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (PMID: 39095595).

Disruption of brain developmental programs or the balance between neuronal populations can contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. We provide validated antibody solutions for comprehensive profiling of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms—from pathological protein aggregation and proteostasis failure to neuronal degeneration, synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and cellular stress.

Integrated molecular and spatial profiling enables researchers to connect pathological hallmarks with cellular states and functional consequences across disease initiation, progression, and therapeutic response.

Neurodegenerative Disease Research Portfolio

Disease ModelMajor Molecular PathologyRepresentative & Emerging Targets
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)Aβ plaques, Tau pathology & neuroimmune dysfunctionAPP, Aβ, BACE1, PSEN1, Tau, p-Tau (Ser202/Thr205), p-Tau (Thr181), TREM2, APOE, CD33, GPNMB, LPL, C1q, C3, GFAP, IBA1, PSD95, Synaptophysin, NeuN
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)α-Synuclein pathology & dopaminergic neuron degenerationα-Synuclein, p-α-Syn (Ser129), TH, DAT, VMAT2, LRRK2, GBA1/GCase, PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, LAMP2A, TFEB, TOM20, NLRP3, NeuN
ALS / Frontotemporal Dementia (ALS/FTD)TDP-43/FUS proteinopathy & motor/cortical neuron degenerationTDP-43, p-TDP-43, FUS, C9orf72, STMN2, UNC13A, TBK1, OPTN, SQSTM1/p62, NEFH, ChAT, ATXN2, Nucleoporins
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Demyelination, chronic CNS inflammation & axonal degenerationMBP, MOG, PLP1, OLIG2, SOX10, PDGFRA, NG2/CSPG4, IBA1, TMEM119, GFAP, C3, C1q, CD3, CD4, CD8, BTK, LINGO-1, GPX4
Brain Aging & NeurodegenerationCellular senescence, proteostasis decline & chronic neuroinflammationp16INK4a, p21, γH2AX, Lamin B1, GLB1, SASP factors, cGAS, STING, NLRP3, NRF2, SIRT1, AMPK, mTOR, LC3B, p62/SQSTM1, TFEB, GPX4, ACSL4, 4-HNE

Featured Products

Catalog No.Product NameReactivityValidated Applications
WR5246U-Blot® Amyloid-β (1-42) Rabbit mAbHuman, MouseWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4293U-Blot® Amyloid-β Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, Rat, HamsterWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4620U-Blot® ApoE Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4095U-Blot® Cathepsin D Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4667U-Blot® eIF2α (Phospho Ser51) Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, Rat, Chicken, Dog, Pig, FishWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4287U-Blot® eIF2α Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, Rat, FishWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR5278U-Blot® GBA Rabbit mAbHuman, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4151U-Blot® GFAP Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR8058U-Blot® Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Rabbit mAb (Ready to Use)Human, RatIHC
WR4181U-Blot® GRP78/BiP Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, Rat, FishWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4118U-Blot® Hsp70 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR5736U-Blot® Huntingtin Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4144U-Blot® Iba1 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4040U-Blot® LAMP1 Rabbit mAbHumanWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4136U-Blot® LAMP2 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4126U-Blot® LC3B Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, Rat, PigWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4820U-Blot® LRRK2 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4578U-Blot® MAP2 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4916U-Blot® Neurofilament (NF-L) Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4138U-Blot® Neurofilament heavy polypeptide Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR8087U-Blot® Neurofilament(NF-L) Rabbit mAb (Ready to Use)HumanIHC
WR5210U-Blot® NF-M (Phospho Ser614/Ser619) Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR8094U-Blot® PGP 9.5 Rabbit mAb (Ready to Use)Human, Mouse, RatIHC
WR4197U-Blot® PGP9.5 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR5906U-Blot® SIRT2 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4045U-Blot® SOD1 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4790U-Blot® SQSTM1/p62 (Phospho Ser349) Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4007U-Blot® SQSTM1/p62 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4840U-Blot® Synuclein-α (Phospho Ser129) Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4587U-Blot® Synuclein-α Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, Rat, C.elegansWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4621U-Blot® Tau (Phospho Ser396) Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4576U-Blot® Tau Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4049U-Blot® TDP43 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4160U-Blot® TLS/FUS Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4934U-Blot® TREM2 Rabbit mAbHumanWB, IF, IP, ELISA, IHC
WR4274U-Blot® UBA52 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4240U-Blot® Ubiquitin K48 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4944U-Blot® Ubiquitin K63 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, ELISA
WR4167U-Blot® XBP1 Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA
WR4338U-Blot® β3 Tubulin Rabbit mAbHuman, Mouse, RatWB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA

Alzheimer’s Disease Molecular Research Workflow

From Pathological Hallmarks to Cellular Mechanisms

Alzheimer’s disease involves interconnected alterations in protein homeostasis, mitochondrial function, cellular aging, neuroimmune signaling, synaptic integrity, and neuronal survival. Integrated antibody profiling enables researchers to connect pathological hallmarks with molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences across multiple biological scales.

01 | Proteostasis Dysfunction

Decipher Protein Quality Control and Clearance Failure

Key Biological Processes
Protein Misfolding→Aggregation→Autophagy–Lysosome Dysfunction→Impaired Clearance→Proteotoxic Stress

Neuronal function depends on tightly regulated protein homeostasis. Disruption of protein folding, trafficking, autophagy–lysosome pathways, or ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation can promote pathological protein accumulation and proteotoxic stress, contributing to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal vulnerability.

Integrated profiling of proteinopathy and protein quality-control pathways enables investigation of how impaired proteostasis contributes to neurodegenerative disease progression.

Representative Targets
Functional ModuleKey Targets
ProteinopathyAβ, Tau, p-Tau
AutophagyLC3B, SQSTM1/p62, ATG5, ATG7
Lysosomal FunctionLAMP1, LAMP2, CTSD
Autophagy RegulationTFEB, ULK1, Beclin-1
Ubiquitin–Proteasome SystemUbiquitin, Proteasome subunits, p62

02 | Mitochondrial Stress

Defining Mitochondrial Quality Control, Bioenergetics & Oxidative Stress

Key Biological Processes
Mitochondrial Dysfunction→OXPHOS Impairment→ROS Accumulation→Mitophagy / Quality-Control Response→Energy Failure→Neuronal Vulnerability

Neurons have exceptionally high energetic demands and depend on robust mitochondrial function to maintain membrane potential, synaptic activity, and cellular survival. Mitochondrial dysfunction can impair oxidative phosphorylation, increase oxidative stress, and disrupt mitochondrial quality-control pathways, including mitophagy and biogenesis.

Profiling mitochondrial integrity, bioenergetic pathways, oxidative stress, and quality-control mechanisms provides insight into their contribution to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration.

Representative Targets
Functional ModuleKey Targets
Mitochondrial StructureTOM20, VDAC1, HSP60
OXPHOSCOX IV, ATP5A, SDHB, NDUFB8
Mitochondrial StressHSP60, 4-HNE, ROS-associated markers
MitophagyPINK1, Parkin, BNIP3, BNIP3L/NIX
Mitochondrial BiogenesisPGC-1α, NRF1, TFAM
Antioxidant ResponseNRF2, SOD2, GPX4

03 | Cellular Aging

Decoding Senescence, DNA Damage & Inflammatory Remodeling

Research Focus
DNA Damage→Persistent DDR→Cellular Senescence→SASP→Chronic Inflammatory Signaling→Neural Dysfunction
Key Biological Processes

Accumulation of DNA damage and persistent stress responses can promote cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), reshaping the neural microenvironment through chronic inflammatory signaling. These changes may contribute to glial dysfunction, synaptic impairment, vascular alterations, and neuronal vulnerability during aging and neurodegenerative disease.

Representative Targets
Functional ModuleKey Targets
Cell-Cycle Arrestp16INK4a, p21
DNA Damage ResponseγH2AX, 53BP1
Nuclear IntegrityLamin B1
Senescence-associated ActivityGLB1
SASP / InflammationIL-6, IL-1β, NF-κB
Innate Immune ActivationcGAS, STING
Stress ResponseNRF2, SIRT1

Integrated Alzheimer’s Disease Research Panel

Multi-Dimensional Profiling of Pathology, Cell States & Neural Dysfunction

Research QuestionRecommended Marker Panel
Amyloid pathologyAPP + Aβ + BACE1 + PSEN1
Tau pathologyTotal Tau + p-Tau (Ser202/Thr205) + p-Tau (Thr181) + MAP2
Microglial activation / state transitionIBA1 + TMEM119 + P2RY12 + CD68
Disease-associated microgliaTREM2 + APOE + GPNMB
Astrocyte reactivityGFAP + ALDH1L1 + C3 + Vimentin
Neuroinflammatory signalingNLRP3 + C1q + C3 + NF-κB
Synaptic dysfunctionPSD95 + Synaptophysin + SNAP25 + Synapsin I
Neuronal integrityNeuN + MAP2 + NF-L/NF-H
Proteostasis dysfunctionLC3B + p62 + LAMP1 + CTSD + TFEB
Cellular senescence / agingp16 + p21 + γH2AX + Lamin B1
Mitochondrial stressTOM20 + COX IV + ATP5A + PINK1/Parkin
Ferroptosis / oxidative stressGPX4 + ACSL4 + 4-HNE + NRF2

Neuronal Proteostasis & Protein Clearance(Human Glioma FFPE)

This panel enables simultaneous spatial profiling of protein aggregation and autophagy–lysosomal pathways in human glioma tissue, supporting research on neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and pathological protein clearance.

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