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Epigenomics refers to the systematic study of epigenetic modifications across the entire genome. Epigenetic modifications do not alter the primary DNA sequence, yet they regulate gene activities through chemical modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-covalent RNA regulation. Based on high-throughput sequencing technologies, epigenomics characterizes epigenetic profiles of cells and tissues, and explores the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cell development and pathogenesis. Unlike genomics focusing on genomic DNA sequences, epigenomics centers on the regulatory effects of epigenetic modifications on gene expression.

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are covalent chemical modifications occurring after protein synthesis that expand proteomic diversity and regulate protein properties and functions. More than 650 types of PTMs have been identified, including phosphorylation, acylation, ubiquitination, methylation, and glycosylation. PTMs dynamically modulate protein function by influencing molecular properties such as enzymatic activity, stability, localization, conformation, and molecular interactions. These regulatory events are essential for diverse cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene regulation, metabolism, and immune responses. Aberrant PTMs regulation can perturb cellular signaling networks and contribute to disease initiation and progression. Dysregulated PTMs are increasingly recognized as important molecular drivers and biomarkers in various diseases, providing valuable opportunities for disease mechanism studies and therapeutic development.